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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: October 5, 2011

Nucleofection of human embryonic stem cells.

Helen Fong¹, K A Hohenstein Elliott, Leslie F Lock

¹Department of Biological Chemistry, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|August 9, 2011

Summary

Nucleofection technology offers an efficient method for genetically manipulating human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). This technique enables high-efficiency DNA transfer into human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) for gene expression studies.

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Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Molecular biology
Genetics

Background:

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for understanding human development and regenerative medicine.
Efficient genetic manipulation of hPSCs is crucial for realizing their full potential.
Existing DNA delivery methods like electroporation, lipid-based transfection, and viral transduction have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe an efficient method for transfecting human embryonic stem cells (hESCs).
To demonstrate the utility of nucleofection technology for genetic manipulation of hESCs.

Main Methods:

Utilized the Nucleofector II Device for nucleofection.
Employed a cell type-specific Nucleofector Solution.
Applied preprogrammed electrical parameters for DNA delivery into the cell nucleus.

Main Results:

Achieved high-efficiency transfer of nucleic acids into hESCs.
Enabled both transient and stable manipulation of gene expression in hESCs.

Conclusions:

Nucleofection is a highly effective technique for the genetic manipulation of hESCs.
This method facilitates advancements in stem cell research and regenerative medicine applications.