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Related Concept Videos

The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
Colloids03:22

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids
09:26

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Published on: April 22, 2016

Cross-linked, heterogeneous colloidosomes exhibit pH-induced morphogenesis.

Jin-Oh You1, Marjan Rafat, Debra T Auguste

  • 1School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|August 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed programmable 3D materials that change shape using environmental cues. This biomimetic approach uses engineered colloidosomes to create functional, responsive materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomimetic Engineering
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Morphogenesis in biology provides a blueprint for creating self-shaping materials.
  • Colloidosomes, spherical vesicles assembled from colloidal particles, offer a versatile platform for material design.
  • Controlling material shape in response to environmental stimuli is a key challenge in advanced materials development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a strategy for creating functional 3D materials capable of morphing in response to environmental cues.
  • To investigate the use of local mechanical stresses for inducing global shape changes in colloidosomes.
  • To design programmable materials with predictable shape-changing capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Assembled colloidosomes from pH-sensitive calcium alginate particles (CAPs) with varying swelling ratios.
  • Cross-linked colloidosomes using diamine compounds with different carbon chain lengths.
  • Created heterogeneous mixtures of CAPs to induce nonuniform stresses and generate new colloidosome isoforms.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that local mechanical stresses can induce global shape changes in colloidosomes.
  • Successfully generated distinct colloidosome isoforms by varying CAP composition and cross-linking.
  • Showcased the ability to control material shape through engineered subunit heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Coordinated networks of heterogeneous subunits are effective for designing programmable, morphing materials.
  • This biomimetic strategy enables the development of functional 3D materials with environmentally responsive shape-changing properties.
  • The findings open avenues for creating advanced materials with applications in soft robotics, drug delivery, and responsive surfaces.