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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
16:11

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

Published on: April 26, 2014

A new internally contracted multi-reference configuration interaction method.

K R Shamasundar1, Gerald Knizia, Hans-Joachim Werner

  • 1Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|August 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) method efficiently handles large molecular systems. This computational chemistry advance enables high-accuracy electronic structure calculations for previously intractable molecules.

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Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
16:11

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Published on: April 26, 2014

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Computational chemistry
  • Quantum chemistry
  • Electronic structure theory

Background:

  • Accurate electronic structure calculations are crucial for understanding molecular properties.
  • Existing multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) methods face challenges with large active spaces and many closed-shell orbitals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new, efficient internally contracted multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) method.
  • To enable high-accuracy MRCI calculations for larger and more complex molecular systems.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a new internally contracted MRCI method.
  • Explicitly treated closed-shell orbitals, making dependencies solely on active orbital labels.
  • Utilized a domain-specific computer algebra system for equation derivation.
  • Employed an integrated tensor framework for semi-automatic implementation.

Main Results:

  • The new MRCI method efficiently handles large active spaces, long configuration expansions, and numerous closed-shell orbitals.
  • Achieved computational efficiency comparable to closed-shell single-reference methods for closed-shell orbitals.
  • Demonstrated accuracy and efficiency with applications to dioxygen-copper complexes and ferrocene.

Conclusions:

  • The developed MRCI method significantly expands the scope of high-accuracy quantum chemical calculations.
  • This advancement facilitates the study of larger molecules and complex chemical phenomena.