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Updated: May 30, 2026

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds
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Adaptations in the gait pattern with experimental hamstring pain.

M Henriksen1, S Rosager, J Aaboe

  • 1Clinical Motor Function Laboratory, The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark. mh@frh.regionh.dk

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology : Official Journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology
|August 10, 2011
PubMed
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Experimental biceps femoris pain alters gait by reducing hip extensor moments and knee moments. This study shows pain specifically changes movement to protect the injured muscle.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control
  • Pain Science

Background:

  • Pain significantly alters movement, yet research often focuses on basic adaptations during non-functional tasks.
  • Studies on lower extremity biomechanics during pain predominantly examine quadriceps involvement, neglecting other muscles in functional movements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gait pattern alterations in healthy individuals experiencing experimental biceps femoris muscle pain.
  • To understand how pain in a specific hamstring muscle influences functional lower extremity biomechanics.

Main Methods:

  • A crossover study design involving 14 healthy volunteers.
  • Electromyography (EMG)-assisted 3D gait analysis conducted before, during, and after experimental biceps femoris pain induction via hypertonic saline injection.

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  • A non-painful isotonic saline injection served as a control.

    • Main Results:

    • Experimental biceps femoris pain resulted in significant reductions in hip extensor moments.
    • Decreased knee flexor and lateral rotator moments were observed during painful conditions.
    • No significant changes were detected in lower extremity kinematics or EMG activity across recorded muscles.

    Conclusions:

    • Experimental biceps femoris pain induces specific gait pattern modifications, consistent with unloading the affected muscle.
    • These findings support the theory that musculoskeletal pain acts as a protective mechanism, altering movement to reduce stress on painful tissues.
    • The observed gait changes are specific to the location of the induced muscle pain.