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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Law of Rational Indices01:29

Law of Rational Indices

The Law of rational indices is a fundamental principle in the field of crystallography. According to this law, the intercepts of a crystal face along the crystallographic axes (the three-dimensional axes along which a crystal is measured) can be expressed as either equivalent to the unit intercepts (a, b, c) or simple whole number multiples of them. These multiples are typically denoted as na, n'b, and n''c, where n, n', and n'' are simple whole numbers.To illustrate, consider a crystal with...
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Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Crystal symmetry operations are isometric transformations that map objects onto indistinguishable copies while preserving distances, angles, and volumes. The simplest symmetry operation is translation, which shifts the entire infinite crystal lattice parallelly by a translation vector.Crystallographic rotations involve rotations by an angle of 2π/n around an axis without changing the positions of points on the axis. It is called the rotational axis of the symmetry, denoted by n. The combination...

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
11:34

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Light scattering from an isotropic layer between uniaxial crystals.

E S Thomson1, L A Wilen, J S Wettlaufer

  • 1Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|August 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

We developed a model for wave reflection and transmission between isotropic layers and anisotropic crystals. This provides explicit coefficients for wave interactions in complex layered media, crucial for optical and material science applications.

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Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Optics

Background:

  • Wave propagation in layered media is fundamental to optics and material science.
  • Modeling interactions between isotropic and anisotropic materials presents unique challenges.
  • Previous work has addressed isotropic-to-anisotropic interfaces but not the general case.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a comprehensive model for plane wave reflection and transmission.
  • To analyze systems with an isotropic layer between two arbitrarily oriented uniaxial crystals.
  • To provide explicit formulas for reflection and transmission coefficients.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of reflection and transmission amplitude coefficients for anisotropic-to-isotropic interfaces.
  • Integration with existing models for isotropic-to-anisotropic interfaces.
  • Application of a matrix method to solve the multiple reflection problem.

Main Results:

  • Explicit expressions for reflection and transmission coefficients in the laboratory frame.
  • Formulas are dependent on crystal axis and propagation directions.
  • A general solution for multiple reflections in layered anisotropic-isotropic systems.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model successfully describes wave interactions in complex layered anisotropic-isotropic systems.
  • The findings are applicable to various scientific and engineering fields, including optics and condensed matter physics.
  • The model is contextualized with a wetted ice crystal interface example.