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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals01:27

Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals

Lattice energy represents the energy released when gaseous cations and anions combine to form an ionic solid, reflecting the strength of electrostatic interactions within the crystal. This process is fundamentally governed by Coulombic attraction between oppositely charged ions, where the potential energy varies inversely with the interionic distance and directly with the product of ionic charges. As ions approach one another, the electrostatic energy becomes increasingly negative, indicating a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia (YSZ) Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels
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Local structure and ionic conductivity in the Zr(2)Y(2)O(7)-Y(3)NbO(7) system.

Stefan T Norberg1, Istaq Ahmed, Stephen Hull

  • 1The ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|August 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The highest ionic conductivity in Zr(0.5-0.5x)Y(0.5+0.25x)Nb(0.25x)O(1.75) solid solutions occurs at x=0. Increasing x reduces conductivity due to Y3+ trapping mobile oxygen anions, despite increased lattice disorder.

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Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
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Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

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Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
06:44

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Ionics

Background:

  • Anion-deficient fluorite structures are crucial for ionic conductivity.
  • Understanding the relationship between lattice disorder and ion diffusion is key for developing advanced materials.
  • The Zr-Y-Nb-O system offers a tunable platform to study these phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ionic conductivity and diffusion mechanisms in Zr(0.5-0.5x)Y(0.5+0.25x)Nb(0.25x)O(1.75) solid solutions.
  • To correlate lattice disorder with changes in ionic transport as a function of composition (x).
  • To elucidate the roles of Y3+ and Nb5+ cations in influencing anion mobility.

Main Methods:

  • Impedance spectroscopy to measure ionic conductivity (σ).
  • Powder neutron diffraction and total scattering analysis for structural characterization.
  • Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to probe local structure and ion correlations.

Main Results:

  • The highest ionic conductivity (2.66 × 10⁻² Ω⁻¹ cm⁻¹ at 1473 K) was observed for the x=0 end member (Zr2Y2O7).
  • Ionic conductivity decreases with increasing x, despite an observed increase in lattice disorder.
  • RMC and MD simulations revealed that Y3+ cations effectively trap mobile O2- species, outweighing disorder effects.

Conclusions:

  • Lattice disorder alone does not dictate ionic conductivity in this system.
  • The local structural environment, particularly cation-cation interactions and trapping effects, plays a dominant role in controlling oxygen ion mobility.
  • Compositional tuning via Y3+ and Nb5+ addition offers a method to control ionic transport properties.