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Physiological Control of Respiration

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...

Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles

Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles

The Role of Accessory Muscles in the Respiratory System
The respiratory system is a complex network that relies on primary respiratory muscles like the diaphragm, but also involves accessory muscles to enhance lung expansion and airflow during both inhalation and exhalation.
Enhancing Inhalation with Accessory Muscles:
Accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, intercostal, and abdominal muscles are crucial when additional respiratory effort is required, such as during deep...

Alterations in Respiration II

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...

Neural Control of Respiration

Neural Control of Respiration

The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration

Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
The respiratory system, an essential network for breathing, comprises the conducting and respiratory zones, each playing a crucial role in the overall process of respiration. Let us explore the detailed mechanism of inspiration, or inhalation, which is the first phase of the respiratory cycle.
Pathway of Air during Inspiration
During inspiration, air enters our body through the nose or mouth and moves through the conducting zone,...

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Published on: November 2, 2015

Nonconventional support of respiration.

Nicolò Patroniti¹, Giacomo Bellani, Antonio Pesenti

¹Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.

Current Opinion in Critical Care

|August 10, 2011

Summary

Nonconventional treatments like prone positioning and ECMO may decrease mortality in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. New techniques and drugs are being investigated for lung injury prevention and healing.

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Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

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Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

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Published on: January 10, 2013

Area of Science:

Critical Care Medicine
Pulmonology
Respiratory Physiology

Background:

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) presents significant mortality challenges.
Conventional treatments have limitations in improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent trials and meta-analyses on nonconventional ventilatory and pharmacological treatments for ARDS.
To assess the efficacy of these treatments in reducing ARDS mortality.

Main Methods:

Review of recent randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis studies.
Focus on nonconventional ventilatory strategies (prone positioning, HFOV, ECMO) and pharmacological interventions.
Analysis of patient subpopulations, particularly those with severe ARDS.

Main Results:

Prone positioning and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) show decreased mortality in severe ARDS patients, despite prior trial limitations.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) referral to experienced centers improves survival.
New miniaturized ECMO techniques show promise for CO2 removal and early protective ventilation.
Pharmacological treatments like neuromuscular blockers and beta-agonists may benefit specific patient subsets.

Conclusions:

Nonconventional treatments offer potential benefits, especially for severe ARDS cases.
Ongoing research focuses on novel techniques and drugs to prevent or heal lung injury in ARDS.