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Related Concept Videos

Sublimation01:03

Sublimation

Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Cold Weather Concreting01:27

Cold Weather Concreting

When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
To counteract the negative impacts of cold weather, ensuring...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Flash-and-Freeze: A Novel Technique to Capture Membrane Dynamics with Electron Microscopy
10:01

Flash-and-Freeze: A Novel Technique to Capture Membrane Dynamics with Electron Microscopy

Published on: May 1, 2017

Freeze substitution in 3 hours or less.

K L McDonald1, R I Webb

  • 1Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. klm@berkeley.edu

Journal of Microscopy
|August 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New rapid freeze substitution methods use basic lab tools to achieve excellent cell fixation in under 2 hours. This technique accelerates low-temperature dehydration and fixation for various biological samples.

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Tandem High-pressure Freezing and Quick Freeze Substitution of Plant Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy
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Tandem High-pressure Freezing and Quick Freeze Substitution of Plant Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy

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Plunge Freezing: A Tool for the Ultrastructural and Immunolocalization Studies of Suspension Cells in Transmission Electron Microscopy
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Plunge Freezing: A Tool for the Ultrastructural and Immunolocalization Studies of Suspension Cells in Transmission Electron Microscopy

Published on: May 5, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Flash-and-Freeze: A Novel Technique to Capture Membrane Dynamics with Electron Microscopy
10:01

Flash-and-Freeze: A Novel Technique to Capture Membrane Dynamics with Electron Microscopy

Published on: May 1, 2017

Tandem High-pressure Freezing and Quick Freeze Substitution of Plant Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy
12:52

Tandem High-pressure Freezing and Quick Freeze Substitution of Plant Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Published on: October 13, 2014

Plunge Freezing: A Tool for the Ultrastructural and Immunolocalization Studies of Suspension Cells in Transmission Electron Microscopy
13:35

Plunge Freezing: A Tool for the Ultrastructural and Immunolocalization Studies of Suspension Cells in Transmission Electron Microscopy

Published on: May 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy Techniques

Background:

  • Freeze substitution is a crucial method for preserving cellular structure at low temperatures.
  • Traditional freeze substitution protocols are time-consuming, often taking several days.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present novel, rapid freeze substitution techniques.
  • To demonstrate the efficacy of these methods using basic laboratory equipment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a platform shaker, liquid nitrogen, a metal block, and an insulated container.
  • Developed protocols for rapid dehydration and fixation of frozen cells.
  • Varied fixation times based on sample volume and diffusion barriers (90 minutes to 3+ hours).

Main Results:

  • Achieved excellent freeze substitution results in as little as 90 minutes for small-volume cells (e.g., bacteria, tissue culture cells).
  • Extended fixation times (3+ hours using dry ice) provided excellent results for larger specimens like plants and C. elegans.
  • Successfully applied the technique to Nicotiana leaves, C. elegans, E. coli, and baby hamster kidney cells.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid freeze substitution is feasible with minimal equipment.
  • This accelerated method significantly reduces processing time for cellular fixation.
  • The technique is versatile and effective across a range of biological sample types.