Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 30, 2026
Determination of Cardiac Output in a Porcine Model for Ex Vivo Pulmonary Perfusion
Published on: June 28, 2024
Comparison of cardiac output determined by arterial pulse pressure waveform analysis method (FloTrac/Vigileo) versus
Alexander Valverde1, Giacomo Gianotti, Eva Rioja
1Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. valverde@uoguelph.ca
Objective:
To compare the determination of cardiac output (CO) via arterial pulse pressure waveform analysis (FloTrac/Vigileo) versus lithium dilution method.
Design:
Prospective study.
Setting:
University teaching hospital.
Animals:
Six adult dogs.
Interventions:
Dogs were instrumented for CO determinations using lithium dilution (LiDCO) and FloTrac/Vigileo methods. Direct blood pressure, heart rate, arterial blood gases, and end-tidal isoflurane (ETIso) and CO(2) concentrations were measured throughout the study while CO was manipulated with different depth of anesthesia and rapid administration of isotonic crystalloids at 60 mL/kg/h.
Measurements And Main Results:
Baseline CO measurements were obtained at 1.3% ETIso and were lowered by 3% ETIso. Measurements were obtained in duplicate or triplicate with LiDCO and averaged for comparison with corresponding values measured continuously with the FloTrac/Vigileo method. For 30 comparisons between methods, a mean bias of -100 mL/kg/min and 95% limits of agreement between -311 and +112 mL/kg/min (212 mL/kg/min) was determined. The mean (mL/kg/min) of the differences of LiDCO-Vigileo=62.0402+-0.8383 × Vigileo, and the correlation coefficient (r) between the 2 methods 0.70 for all CO determinations. The repeatability coefficients for the individual LiDCO and FloTrac/Vigileo methods were 187 and 400 mL/kg/min, respectively. Mean LiDCO and FloTrac/Vigileo values from all measurements were 145 ± 68 mL/kg/min (range, 64-354) and 244 ± 144 mL/kg/min (range, 89-624), respectively. The overall mean relative error was 48 ± 14%.
Conclusion:
The FloTrac/Vigileo overestimated CO values compared with LiDCO and the relative error was high, which makes this method unreliable for use in dogs.
