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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
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Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
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Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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Adult Stem Cells

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Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development
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Return to youth with Sox17.

Akanksha Chhabra1, Hanna K A Mikkola

  • 1Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.

Genes & Development
|August 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered that Sox17 can revert adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to a fetal-like state. This finding challenges the one-way progression of blood cell development and offers new insights into HSC self-renewal.

Area of Science:

  • Hematopoiesis
  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) mature from a fetal to an adult state, and their differentiation into progenitors is generally considered a unidirectional process.
  • Understanding the plasticity of HSCs and their self-renewal capacity at different developmental stages is crucial for regenerative medicine and cancer research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether adult hematopoietic progenitors can be reverted to a more primitive, self-renewing state.
  • To explore the role of specific transcription factors in regulating HSC maturation and plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Overexpression of the transcription factor Sox17 in adult multipotential progenitors.
  • Analysis of the resulting cells for HSC markers and self-renewal capacity.

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  • Comparison of fetal and adult HSC properties.

    • Main Results:

    • Overexpression of Sox17 converted adult multipotential progenitors into self-renewing HSCs.
    • These reprogrammed HSCs exhibited properties characteristic of fetal HSCs.
    • The study demonstrates a potential reversal of hematopoietic maturation.

    Conclusions:

    • Hematopoietic development may not be a strictly irreversible one-way process.
    • Sox17 plays a key role in regulating HSC self-renewal and developmental potential.
    • These findings open new avenues for understanding HSC plasticity and therapeutic applications.