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Related Concept Videos

Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the timing and level of...

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Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines
10:46

Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines

Published on: June 2, 2018

Polycomb eviction as a new distant enhancer function.

Douglas Vernimmen1, Magnus D Lynch, Marco De Gobbi

  • 1MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.

Genes & Development
|August 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Remote enhancers play a crucial role in gene regulation by clearing repressive Polycomb (PcG) complexes. This study reveals their essential function in removing PcG and H3K27me3 marks, enabling gene activation.

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A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains
07:34

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains

Published on: August 23, 2019

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Dissection of Enhancer Function Using Multiplex CRISPR-based Enhancer Interference in Cell Lines
10:46

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Published on: June 2, 2018

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains
07:34

A Method to Study de novo Formation of Chromatin Domains

Published on: August 23, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Gene Regulation
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Remote enhancers, located far from gene promoters, influence gene expression through poorly understood mechanisms.
  • The balance between Polycomb Repressive Complex (PcG) silencing and Trithorax-Trithorax Group (TrxG) activation is critical for development.
  • CpG islands are often associated with gene promoters and play a role in gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of a remote enhancer in modulating the balance of Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax-Trithorax Group (TrxG) proteins at a developmentally regulated gene.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which remote enhancers control gene expression, specifically focusing on repressive marks like H3K27me3.
  • To understand the interaction between remote enhancers, PcG complexes, and H3K27me3 demethylases.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression and epigenetic modifications in the presence and absence of a specific remote enhancer.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to assess the binding of PcG complexes and H3K27me3 marks.
  • Investigating the recruitment of the H3K27me3 demethylase JMJD3 to the target gene's CpG island.

Main Results:

  • The remote enhancer plays an essential and nonredundant role in clearing Polycomb Repressive Complex (PcG) and H3K27me3 marks from the CpG island.
  • In the absence of the enhancer, the H3K27me3 demethylase JMJD3 is not effectively recruited to the CpG island.
  • The enhancer is critical for switching the gene from a repressed state to an active state.

Conclusions:

  • Remote enhancers are crucial for actively removing repressive epigenetic marks, such as H3K27me3 mediated by PcG complexes.
  • This study proposes a novel function for long-range regulatory elements in facilitating the clearance of repressive PcG complexes.
  • Understanding enhancer function is key to deciphering developmental gene regulation and epigenetic control.