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Related Concept Videos

Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the timing and level of...

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining
13:22

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining

Published on: January 23, 2014

EBV latency types adopt alternative chromatin conformations.

Italo Tempera1, Michael Klichinsky, Paul M Lieberman

  • 1The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.

Plos Pathogens
|August 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) latency types form distinct 3D genome structures. CTCF protein mediates these structures, influencing EBV gene expression and promoter targeting.

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Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) establishes latent infections with stable, distinct gene expression patterns known as latency types.
  • These latency types are characterized by specific promoter utilization and epigenetic regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the three-dimensional (3D) genome conformations of EBV during different latency types.
  • To explore the role of the CTCF protein in mediating these 3D structures and their impact on promoter utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) assay to analyze chromatin loop formation.
  • Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to assess CTCF association with EBV DNA.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis and siRNA depletion to study CTCF function.

Main Results:

  • EBV's OriP enhancer is in close physical proximity to the Qp promoter in latency type I and the Cp promoter in latency type III.
  • The CTCF protein is physically associated with OriP-Qp and OriP-Cp loop formation.
  • Disruption of CTCF binding sites or CTCF depletion abrogates these loops and alters promoter activity.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetically stable EBV latency types adopt distinct chromatin architectures.
  • CTCF plays an integral role in forming these EBV chromatin loops.
  • CTCF-mediated 3D genome organization directs OriP enhancer targeting to alternative promoters, defining EBV latency types.