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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division01:27

Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division

Several external and internal factors influence the initiation and inhibition of cell division. For instance, the death of nearby cells or the release of human growth hormone (hGH) promotes cell division. In contrast, lack of hGH or crowding of cells can inhibit cell division.
Several proteins function as internal regulators to ensure each cell cycle stage is completed faithfully before proceeding to the next. Regulator molecules may act directly or influence the activity or production of other...
The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

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The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are the primary cell cycle regulators and function at the cell...
The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

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The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

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The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
Positive Regulator Molecules01:45

Positive Regulator Molecules

To consistently produce healthy cells, the cell cycle—the process that generates daughter cells—must be precisely regulated.

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Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor•Hsp90 Protein Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding
11:07

Biochemical Reconstitution of Steroid Receptor•Hsp90 Protein Complexes and Reactivation of Ligand Binding

Published on: September 21, 2011

Cell cycle phase regulates glucocorticoid receptor function.

Laura Matthews1, James Johnson, Andrew Berry

  • 1Developmental Biomedicine Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.

Plos One
|August 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell cycle phase dictates glucocorticoid receptor (GR) localization and modification, impacting cellular responses. This nuclear GR activity, independent of ligand, is linked to cell cycle progression and affects glucocorticoid sensitivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor.
  • GR is typically found in the cytoplasm and translocates to the nucleus upon ligand binding.
  • Its localization and function are crucial for cellular responses to glucocorticoids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cell cycle-dependent localization and activity of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR).
  • To determine if GR exhibits nuclear localization and transactivation in the absence of ligand during specific cell cycle phases.
  • To understand how cell cycle-driven GR modifications influence glucocorticoid signaling and cellular responses.

Main Methods:

  • Live cell imaging to track GR localization throughout the cell cycle.
  • Analysis of GR activity in cells enriched for specific cell cycle phases (G2/M).
  • Use of chimeric and domain-deleted receptors to identify functional domains involved in ligand-independent transactivation.

Main Results:

  • Significant nuclear GR was observed in the absence of ligand, dependent on NLS1.
  • GR rapidly translocates into the nucleus during interphase and is excluded during mitosis.
  • G2/M-enriched cells showed prolonged ERK activation and ligand-independent GR transactivation mediated by the AF1 domain.
  • Ligand-independent GR phosphorylation at S211 in G2/M cells linked to altered GR function.

Conclusions:

  • Cell cycle phase regulates GR localization and post-translational modifications.
  • Ligand-independent GR activity occurs during specific cell cycle phases, particularly G2/M.
  • Cell cycle phase is a key determinant of cellular response to glucocorticoids and tissue sensitivity.