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Corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) emergence patterns, survival, and injury in blended refuges and pure stands of short-stature corn and tall corn.

Pest management science·2026
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Assessment of Beauveria bassiana as an endophyte of maize and its effects on plant growth.

PloS one·2026
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Larval movement and survival of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on short-stature corn and tall corn.

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Development of a bioassay method for larval western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

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Sequential evolution of resistance by western corn rootworm to multiple <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> traits in transgenic maize.

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Too much of a good thing: Lessons from compromised rootworm Bt maize in the US Corn Belt.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Microinjection of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Embryos for Germline Transformation, or CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing
07:42

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Published on: April 27, 2018

Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm.

Aaron J Gassmann1, Jennifer L Petzold-Maxwell, Ryan S Keweshan

  • 1Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America. aaronjg@iastate.edu

Plos One
|August 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Field-evolved resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize by the western corn rootworm is reported. Continuous planting of Bt maize fields correlated with increased rootworm survival, indicating a need for improved resistance management strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Entomology
  • Insect Pest Management
  • Molecular Entomology

Background:

  • Genetically modified (Bt) crops produce insecticidal toxins, reducing insecticide use.
  • Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) is a major pest of Bt maize in the U.S.
  • Evolution of pest resistance threatens the sustainability of Bt crop benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate field-evolved resistance in western corn rootworm populations to Bt maize.
  • To determine the correlation between continuous Bt maize cultivation and pest resistance.
  • To assess cross-resistance between different Bt toxins.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory bioassays comparing western corn rootworm survival on Cry3Bb1 maize.
  • Field surveys identifying rootworm feeding injury in Bt maize.
  • Farmer interviews on historical crop rotation and Bt maize cultivation.

Main Results:

  • Western corn rootworm populations from fields with severe feeding injury showed higher survival on Cry3Bb1 maize.
  • A positive correlation exists between the number of years Cry3Bb1 maize was grown and rootworm survival.
  • No significant cross-resistance was observed between Cry3Bb1 and Cry34/35Ab1 maize toxins.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first report of field-evolved resistance to a Bt toxin in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera).
  • Insufficient planting of refuges and non-recessive resistance inheritance may have accelerated resistance.
  • Enhanced resistance management and integrated approaches are crucial for the long-term efficacy of Bt crops.