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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Study on the relationship between TSHR gene and thyroid diseases.

Li Shao¹, Hua Jiang, Jun Liang

¹Department of Geratology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics

|August 11, 2011

Summary

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSHR) gene were investigated for their role in common thyroid diseases. The study found no significant association between these TSHR gene polymorphisms and the pathogenesis of Graves

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Area of Science:

Genetics
Endocrinology
Molecular Biology

Background:

The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSHR) is implicated in the development of various thyroid disorders, including Graves' disease (GD), multinodular thyroid goiter (MTG), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT).
Understanding the genetic underpinnings of these conditions is crucial for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the TSHR gene contribute to the pathogenesis of common thyroid diseases.
To analyze the association between specific TSHR gene polymorphisms and the incidence of GD, MTG, and HT.

Main Methods:

A case-control study was conducted, examining eight TSHR gene SNPs in introns and exons.
DNA samples from patients with familial and sporadic thyroid diseases (GD, MTG, HT) and healthy controls were analyzed using direct sequencing.
A total of 184 individuals (patients and controls) were included in the genetic analysis.

Main Results:

Eight polymorphisms in the TSHR gene were identified, including a novel variant in exon 8 (AGA(Arg) → CGA(Arg)).
No statistically significant differences were observed in the frequency of these TSHR gene polymorphisms between patients with thyroid diseases and healthy control individuals.
Specific polymorphisms analyzed included variants in introns 1, 4, 5, 6, and exons 7 and 8.

Conclusions:

The investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TSHR gene do not appear to be major contributors to the pathogenesis of the studied thyroid diseases.
Further research may be warranted to explore other genetic factors or regulatory elements influencing thyroid disease development.