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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
07:23

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

Published on: June 15, 2016

Quantifying negative feedback regulation by micro-RNAs.

Shangying Wang1, Sridhar Raghavachari

  • 1Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. shangying.wang@duke.edu

Physical Biology
|August 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) regulate genes by targeting messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Depending on the repression mechanism, miRNAs can either increase protein level fluctuations or strongly repress them, impacting cell function.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

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Published on: June 15, 2016

Biotin-based Pulldown Assay to Validate mRNA Targets of Cellular miRNAs
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Analysis of Combinatorial miRNA Treatments to Regulate Cell Cycle and Angiogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
  • Over one-third of human genes are targeted by miRNAs, yet their precise role in gene regulatory networks is not fully understood.
  • Understanding miRNA function is crucial for deciphering complex cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional roles of feedback regulation mediated by miRNAs.
  • To analyze the impact of different miRNA repression mechanisms on protein production and fluctuations.
  • To explore the relevance of these regulatory modes for cellular functions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a mathematical model for miRNA-mediated gene regulation.
  • Analysis of two distinct repression mechanisms: mRNA sequestration and catalytic translation suppression.
  • Analytical derivation of protein fluctuation levels under different regulatory scenarios.

Main Results:

  • When repression occurs via mRNA sequestration, miRNA and mRNA levels are anti-correlated, leading to increased protein level fluctuations.
  • When repression is catalytic, miRNA regulation can significantly repress protein fluctuations.
  • The specific mechanism of miRNA action has a profound impact on the stability of protein production.

Conclusions:

  • MiRNA feedback regulation plays a significant role in gene expression dynamics.
  • The mode of miRNA action dictates whether protein production becomes more or less stable.
  • These findings offer insights into the functional relevance of miRNA regulatory strategies in cellular systems.