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Related Concept Videos

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection01:29

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection

Inspection is the initial step in assessing the cardiovascular system. It involves a detailed visual examination that provides crucial information about a patient's circulatory and cardiac health. This systematic process, conducted from head to toe, helps identify signs of cardiovascular conditions by observing physical appearance, skin and mucous membranes, jugular and carotid pulsations, chest symmetry, and the condition of the extremities.
Head and Neck
Connective Tissue Cell Types01:22

Connective Tissue Cell Types

Connective tissue develops from the mesoderm of a developing embryo and consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance: a gel-like material containing large complexes of carbohydrates and proteins. Connective tissue was first identified as a separate tissue family in the 18th century, and Johannes Peter Muller coined the term connective tissue.
Fat cells (adipocytes), smooth muscle cells (myoblasts), and bone cells (osteoblasts) are some connective tissue cell types. Some immune system cells...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data01:23

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data

A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...

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Related Experiment Videos

Assessing vitamin D status.

Robert P Heaney1

  • 1Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA. rheaney@creighton.edu

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
|August 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels below 120 nmol/l are linked to preventable diseases, indicating deficiency. Optimal vitamin D status is crucial for maintaining health and preventing illness.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Vitamin D plays a crucial role in numerous physiological processes.
  • Maintaining adequate vitamin D levels is essential for overall health.
  • Research continues to explore the complex relationship between vitamin D and various health outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and categorize methodologies used to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels.
  • To synthesize findings from studies correlating 25(OH)D concentrations with health status.
  • To clarify the clinical significance of different vitamin D levels.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature.
  • Analysis of cell-biologic mechanisms of vitamin D.
  • Evaluation of data from clinical trials and observational studies.

Main Results:

  • Elucidation of vitamin D's cell-biologic functions.
  • Numerous studies demonstrate links between vitamin D status and health/disease.
  • Serum 25(OH)D below 120 nmol/l (48 ng/ml) is associated with preventable diseases.

Conclusions:

  • The distinction between vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is unnecessary.
  • Serum 25(OH)D levels below 120 nmol/l indicate deficiency.
  • A normal upper limit for serum 25(OH)D can be set at 225 nmol/l (90 ng/ml), with toxicity rare below 500 nmol/l.