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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
09:48

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

Frequent external-focus feedback enhances motor learning.

Gabriele Wulf1, Suzete Chiviacowsky, Eduardo Schiller

  • 1Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, NV, USA.

Frontiers in Psychology
|August 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

External-focus feedback enhances children's motor learning when provided frequently. This study found that frequent external feedback improved soccer throw-in skills more than infrequent or internal feedback.

Keywords:
focus of attentionknowledge of performancesoccer

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
09:48

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback
06:31

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Published on: June 19, 2016

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
08:16

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Published on: January 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Motor Learning
  • Sports Science
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Feedback frequency and attentional focus are crucial for motor skill acquisition.
  • Previous research suggests external focus generally benefits motor learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if frequent external-focus feedback enhances motor learning in children compared to less frequent feedback or internal-focus feedback.
  • To examine the interaction between feedback frequency and attentional focus in motor skill development.

Main Methods:

  • Children (10-12 years) practiced a soccer throw-in task.
  • Feedback was delivered at 100% or 33% frequency, inducing either an internal (body-movement) or external (movement-effect) focus.
  • Performance was assessed using immediate and delayed transfer tests without feedback.

Main Results:

  • External-focus feedback at 100% frequency significantly enhanced motor learning compared to 33% frequency external feedback.
  • Both 100% and 33% frequency internal-focus feedback did not differ and were less effective than frequent external feedback.
  • Learning gains were evident in both immediate and delayed transfer tests.

Conclusions:

  • Frequent external-focus feedback is superior for enhancing motor learning in children.
  • Attentional focus, rather than just feedback content or frequency alone, is a key determinant of feedback effectiveness.
  • Future research should prioritize the attentional role of feedback in motor learning studies.