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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

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Dissociable memory- and response-related activity in parietal cortex during auditory spatial working memory.

Claude Alain1, Dawei Shen, He Yu

  • 1Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care Toronto, ON, Canada.

Frontiers in Psychology
|August 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals the parietal cortex

Keywords:
attentionauditorydorsal streamfMRIgoal-directed actionmotor responseparietal cortexspatial

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception

Background:

  • The parietal cortex shows increased activity when attending to sound location, potentially involved in auditory spatial working memory or goal-directed actions.
  • Distinguishing between memory-related and action-related neural activity in the parietal cortex is crucial for understanding its functional role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate neural activity associated with auditory spatial working memory from that related to goal-directed action in the parietal cortex.
  • To investigate the role of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in auditory spatial processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Employed an n-back task (1-back vs. 2-back) with fMRI to assess sustained task-related activity and response-related activity.
  • Experiment 2: Utilized an event-related fMRI design with an auditory adaptation paradigm, requiring participants to listen to sounds at varying locations without a response.
  • Analysis focused on identifying distinct activation patterns in the parietal cortex during memory-load manipulation and auditory spatial change detection.

Main Results:

  • The 2-back condition, demanding greater working memory load, showed increased sustained activity in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and superior frontal sulcus compared to the 1-back condition.
  • Response execution also elicited enhanced bilateral IPL activation, distinct from sustained memory-related activity.
  • Experiment 2 demonstrated greater IPL activation when sound locations changed compared to when they remained constant, with this activation overlapping with that seen in the working memory task.

Conclusions:

  • The findings provide strong evidence for the parietal cortex, particularly the IPL, playing a critical role in auditory spatial working memory.
  • Neural activity related to auditory spatial working memory can be dissociated from activity associated with response selection and execution.
  • This research clarifies the specific contribution of the parietal cortex to auditory spatial cognition.