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Related Concept Videos

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence01:20

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a variety of strategies to establish infections, including the secretion of extracellular enzymes that act as potent virulence factors. These enzymes facilitate bacterial colonization of host tissues and help evade immune surveillance. By targeting structural components of host tissues and interfering with immune mechanisms, these enzymes play a pivotal role in disease progression.Extracellular Enzymes Facilitating Tissue Invasion: Several bacterial pathogens secrete...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

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High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages
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Published on: August 11, 2014

Nitric oxide and salmonella pathogenesis.

Calvin A Henard1, Andrés Vázquez-Torres

  • 1Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|August 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), including nitric oxide (NO), are key in the innate immune response to Salmonella. While RNS can inhibit Salmonella, the pathogen may also exploit RNS to enhance its virulence.

Keywords:
Salmonellaenteric bacteriainducible nitric oxide synthaseintracellularmacrophagesreactive nitrogen speciesredox chemistryvirulence

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Immunology
  • Infectious Disease Pathogenesis
  • Host-Pathogen Interactions

Background:

  • Salmonella encounters reactive nitrogen species (RNS) during infection, which are part of the host's innate immune defense.
  • Nitric oxide (NO) and its derivatives, such as peroxynitrite (ONOO-), exhibit antimicrobial activity against Salmonella by damaging essential biomolecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the dual role of RNS in Salmonella pathogenesis, acting as both a host defense mechanism and a potential virulence factor for the pathogen.
  • To understand the molecular targets and bacterial defense strategies involved in Salmonella's response to nitrosative and oxidative stress.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on the interaction between Salmonella and RNS during infection.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms by which RNS exert bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on Salmonella.
  • Examination of Salmonella's adaptive responses to RNS, including detoxification and repair pathways.

Main Results:

  • RNS, generated by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), are primarily bacteriostatic against Salmonella, affecting electron transport, metabolism, and DNA.
  • Salmonella possesses sophisticated defense mechanisms to counteract RNS, including modulating phagosome function and detoxifying reactive species.
  • Emerging evidence suggests Salmonella can utilize host-derived RNS to promote its own virulence and survival.

Conclusions:

  • RNS play a complex role in Salmonella infections, presenting both a challenge and an opportunity for the pathogen.
  • Further research into RNS production, bacterial targets, and adaptive responses is crucial for understanding Salmonella pathogenesis.
  • This knowledge may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies against Salmonella enteropathogen.