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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Updated: May 30, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
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External hydrocephalus in infants: six cases with MR venogram and flow quantification correlation.

Grant A Bateman1, Brett D Napier

  • 1Department of Medical Imaging, John Hunter Hospital, Locked Bag 1, Newcastle Region Mail Center, Newcastle 2310, Australia. rant.bateman@hnehealth.nsw.gov.au

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|August 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Elevated venous pressure may cause external hydrocephalus in infants. This study found venous outflow issues or anomalies in infants with external hydrocephalus, suggesting a link to venous pressure.

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Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats
04:12

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats

Published on: March 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The etiology of external hydrocephalus in infants remains largely unclear.
  • Familial macrocephaly and delayed arachnoid granulation maturation are implicated in idiopathic cases.
  • Secondary external hydrocephalus is linked to hemorrhage, meningitis, and elevated venous pressure.

Observation:

  • Six infants with external hydrocephalus underwent MRI, including MR venography and flow quantification.
  • A control group of six healthy children with normal head circumferences was included.
  • Clinical data was correlated with MR findings.

Findings:

  • Infants with external hydrocephalus exhibited venous outflow stenoses or anomalies, even with normal arterial inflow.
  • Those with normal MR venograms showed elevated cerebral blood inflow.
  • Net aqueduct flow was consistently directed into the ventricles in both normal and hydrocephalic children.

Implications:

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption in infants occurs via the deep white matter capillary bed, dependent on hydrostatic pressure.
  • Elevated venous pressure is a potential, more common cause of external hydrocephalus in infants than previously recognized.
  • Findings suggest a parallel with communicating hydrocephalus in older children.