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Related Concept Videos

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy01:25

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy

The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Imaging Studies III: Gastrointestinal Motility Studies and Virtual Colonoscopy01:26

Imaging Studies III: Gastrointestinal Motility Studies and Virtual Colonoscopy

This lesson explores three gastrointestinal imaging techniques: radionuclide testing, colonic transit studies, and virtual colonoscopy.
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Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy01:29

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP01:26

Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat conditions related to the bile ducts, pancreatic ducts, and gallbladder. This procedure is beneficial for identifying and addressing blockages, gallstones, strictures, and tumors within the biliary or pancreatic systems. ERCP is both diagnostic and therapeutic, offering the ability to visualize and treat identified problems in one session.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Nitrous oxide for colonoscopy.

Omar M Aboumarzouk1, Trisha Agarwal, Syed Aidil Hizman Syed Nong Chek

  • 1Department of Urology, Academic Clinical practice, Division of Clinical and Population Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK, DD1 9SY.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|August 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitrous oxide (N2O/O2) mixtures offer effective pain relief during colonoscopy, comparable to conventional methods. This sedation option also leads to quicker recovery times and potentially improved safety, though further research is recommended.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Colonoscopy is a key diagnostic tool for large bowel diseases, facing increased demand.
  • Traditional analgesia for colonoscopy prolongs recovery and carries cardio-respiratory risks.
  • Nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2O/O2) mixtures present an alternative sedation with rapid effects and short duration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of N2O/O2 mixtures versus other pain relief methods for colonoscopy.
  • To evaluate N2O/O2's impact on recovery time, side effects, patient/endoscopist satisfaction, and procedure completion rates.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing N2O/O2 to placebo or active comparators.
  • Searched Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar for relevant studies.
  • Included RCTs involving elective colonoscopies, excluding patients with known pain causes.

Main Results:

  • N2O/O2 demonstrated comparable pain/discomfort relief to conventional methods in four studies.
  • Six studies indicated quicker recovery and shorter hospital stays with N2O/O2.
  • Two studies suggested N2O/O2 was safer, while one favored sedation.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrous oxide/oxygen mixtures are as effective and potentially safer than other pain relief options for colonoscopy.
  • N2O/O2 facilitates faster recovery and shorter hospital stays.
  • Further clinical trials are warranted to solidify these findings.