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Sigmund Freud's model of the human psyche is often illustrated using an iceberg analogy. The iceberg's visible tip represents the conscious mind, which includes thoughts and perceptions that individuals are immediately aware of. However, the larger, submerged portion of the iceberg represents the unconscious mind, a reservoir of repressed desires, instincts, and memories. According to Freud, human behavior is primarily shaped by this hidden realm.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
11:18

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

The structure of common fears: comparing three different models.

Ad de Jongh1, Floor M D Oosterink, Jacobien M Kieffer

  • 1Department of Behavioural Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.de.jongh@acta.nl

The American Journal of Psychology
|August 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study explored the structure of common fears in the general population. Findings suggest fears and phobias may represent a continuum, with similar structures to existing phobia classifications.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

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09:26

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Published on: January 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychopathology

Background:

  • Previous research on the factor structure of common fears yielded inconsistent results.
  • A need exists for a descriptive framework to classify fears.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the multidimensional structure of 11 common fears.
  • To develop and validate a fear classification framework.
  • To compare derived models with existing classifications like the DSM-IV-TR.

Main Methods:

  • Exploratory factor analysis on a Dutch general population sample (n=961).
  • Confirmatory factor analysis on an independent sample (n=998) to validate the model.
  • Model comparison against DSM-IV-TR and Fredrikson et al. (1996) models.

Main Results:

  • A 3-factor solution emerged: blood-injection-injury, situational-animal, and height-related fears.
  • Confirmatory factor analysis indicated equal fit between the 3-factor model and the DSM-IV-TR 4-factor model.
  • The structure of subclinical fears aligns with DSM phobia subtypes.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support a dimensional view of fears and phobias.
  • Subclinical fear structures can be related to established phobia classifications.
  • Fears and phobias may be different expressions of a common fear response continuum.