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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Quality-Controlled Sputum Analysis by Flow Cytometry

Quality-Controlled Sputum Analysis by Flow Cytometry

Published on: August 9, 2021

Development of a valid and reliable phlegm pattern questionnaire.

Young-Jae Park¹, Jae-Sung Park, Min-Yong Kim

¹Department of Diagnosis and Biofunctional Medicine, East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Korea. bmpomd@khu.ac.kr

Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.)

|August 13, 2011

Summary

The Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire (PPQ) is a reliable and valid tool for assessing Traditional Chinese Medicine phlegm patterns. This self-rating instrument accurately estimates the severity of phlegm patterns in individuals.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Quality-Controlled Sputum Analysis by Flow Cytometry

Quality-Controlled Sputum Analysis by Flow Cytometry

Published on: August 9, 2021

Area of Science:

Integrative Medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
Psychometrics

Background:

Phlegm Pattern (PP) is a key concept in Traditional Chinese Medicine.
A validated instrument is needed to assess the severity of PP.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the reliability and validity of the Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire (PPQ).
To establish PPQ as a self-rating instrument for PP severity.

Main Methods:

A total of 292 normal subjects and 61 inpatients completed the PPQ.
Concurrent validity was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS).
Sensitivity and specificity were determined using clinician diagnoses for inpatients.

Main Results:

The PPQ demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (α=0.902–0.919) and concurrent validity.
Principal component analysis extracted six factors, explaining 58.9% of the variance.
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed high sensitivity (83.78%) and specificity (83.33%) with an optimal cut-off score of five.

Conclusions:

The Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire (PPQ) is a reliable and valid self-rating instrument.
PPQ can be effectively used to estimate the severity of Phlegm Patterns in clinical practice.