Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo, or cyano...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Variabilities of two Drechslerella dactyloides isolates in Korea and high predacity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Current microbiology·2010
Same author

Molecularly tuned peptide assemblies at the liquid-solid interface studied by scanning tunneling microscopy.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2010
Same author

[Resistance mutation patterns of hepatitis B virus in patients with suboptimal response to adefovir dipivoxil therapy after lamivudine resistance].

Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology·2010
Same author

[Application of videomediastinoscopy in positive PET finding for mediastinal lymph node of lung cancer].

Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer·2010
Same author

Preliminary effect of proximal femoral nail antirotation on emergency treatment of senile patients with intertrochanteric fracture.

Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi·2010
Same author

Percentage of subjects with no heavy drinking days: evaluation as an efficacy endpoint for alcohol clinical trials.

Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research·2010

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species
08:12

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

Published on: August 16, 2018

(±)-2-{3-[1-(2,4-Difluoro-phen-yl)eth-yl]-1,3-thia-zolidin-2-yl-idene}malononitrile.

Lei Liu1, Tao Song, Liang-Zhong Xu

  • 1College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|August 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a chiral compound, C14H11F2N3S. The molecule exists as a racemate, featuring an envelope conformation in its heterocyclic ring and weak intermolecular interactions.

More Related Videos

Production and Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Mimics
10:35

Production and Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Mimics

Published on: April 10, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species
08:12

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

Published on: August 16, 2018

Production and Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Mimics
10:35

Production and Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Mimics

Published on: April 10, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the three-dimensional structure of organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
  • Chiral compounds, existing as non-superimposable mirror images, often exhibit distinct biological activities.
  • Racemates are mixtures of enantiomers, important in pharmaceutical development and chemical synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C14H11F2N3S.
  • To characterize the molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.
  • To determine if the chiral molecule crystallizes as a racemate or a single enantiomer.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and conformational parameters.
  • Identification and analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of C14H11F2N3S was successfully determined.
  • The heterocyclic five-membered ring adopts an envelope conformation.
  • The molecule is chiral but crystallizes as a racemate (R/S mixture).
  • Weak intermolecular C-H⋯π interactions were observed, while classical hydrogen bonds were absent.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal packing is primarily influenced by weak C-H⋯π interactions.
  • The compound exists as a racemic mixture in the solid state, indicating no enantioselective crystallization.
  • The conformational analysis provides insights into the preferred geometry of the heterocyclic system.