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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
Acidity of 1-Alkynes02:42

Acidity of 1-Alkynes


The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism01:23

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism

Imine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a primary amine. It begins with the generation of carbinolamine through a series of steps involving an initial nucleophilic attack and then several proton transfer reactions. The second part includes the elimination of water, as a leaving group, to give the imine.
Imines are formed under mildly acidic conditions. A pH of 4.5 is ideal for the reaction.
If the pH is low or the solution is too acidic, the reaction slows down in the...
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
14:18

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Published on: May 27, 2014

Pimelic acid-urea (1/2).

Wei Xu1, Wen-Xiang Huang, Hong-Yan Chen

  • 1Center of Applied Solid State Chemistry Research, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|August 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a urea and pimelic acid cocrystal. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal packing, forming a three-dimensional framework.

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Chemical Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cereblon by Pomalidomide-based Homo-PROTACs

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Published on: May 15, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Urea and dicarboxylic acids are common building blocks in cocrystal formation.
  • Understanding cocrystal structures is crucial for designing new materials with tailored properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structure of a novel urea-pimelic acid cocrystal.
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing crystal packing.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bonding and crystallographic symmetry was performed.

Main Results:

  • The asymmetric unit contains one urea molecule and half a molecule of pimelic acid.
  • Crystal packing is stabilized by O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the [101] direction.
  • These chains assemble into a 3D framework through weaker N-H⋯O interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the detailed crystal structure and packing of the urea-pimelic acid cocrystal.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in the supramolecular architecture of this cocrystal.