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Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered ethane, the...

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Propane-1,2-diaminium bis-(4-meth-oxy-benzoate).

Zong-Ling Ru¹

¹Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|August 13, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study characterizes a new salt composed of a propane-1,2-diaminium cation and two 4-methoxy-benzoate anions. The cation

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

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Area of Science:

Crystallography
Supramolecular Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the self-assembly of organic salts.
Understanding the interactions within crystalline structures aids in designing new materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the crystal structure of a novel organic salt.
To investigate the hydrogen bonding network in the title compound.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonds, was performed.

Main Results:

The asymmetric unit contains one propane-1,2-diaminium dication and two 4-methoxy-benzoate anions.
All amino hydrogen atoms of the dication participate in hydrogen bonding.
Hydrogen bonds form between the dication's amino groups and the carboxylate oxygen atoms of the anions.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure is stabilized by an extensive N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding network.
The findings provide insight into the supramolecular assembly of organic salts with potential applications in materials science.