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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

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Published on: August 14, 2019

[Benign prostatic hyperplasia and urolithiasis].

T Knoll¹, R Hofmann, K Höfner

¹Urologische Klinik Sindelfingen, Klinikum Sindelfingen-Böblingen, Arthur-Gruber-Strasse 70, Sindelfingen, Germany, t.knoll@klinikverbund-suedwest.de

Der Urologe. Ausg. A

|August 13, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This article reviews recent advancements in urology, covering interventional therapies, kidney stones (urolithiasis), and shock wave treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. It provides a concise update for practicing urologists.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

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Published on: August 14, 2019

Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

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Area of Science:

Urology
Medical Congresses

Context:

Academy Spring Forums in Tübingen and Aachen
Southwest German Congress and Congress of North Rhine-Westphalia
Target audience: private practice and hospital urologists

Purpose:

Provide a compact overview of new developments in urology
Summarize the newest work in key urological areas

Summary:

Covers interventional therapy advancements
Discusses new findings on uroliths (kidney stones)
Reviews extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for benign prostatic hyperplasia and urolithiasis

Impact:

Keeps urologists updated on the latest urological research and treatments
Facilitates the adoption of new techniques in clinical practice
Enhances patient care through informed therapeutic decisions