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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...

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Development of New Therapeutic Applications Using Microfluidics
08:56

Development of New Therapeutic Applications Using Microfluidics

Published on: October 1, 2007

Implementing 'translational' biomedical research: convergence and divergence among clinical and basic scientists.

Myfanwy Morgan1, Christine A Barry, Jenny L Donovan

  • 1King’s College London, Division of Health and Social Care Research, Capital House, Weston Street, London SE1 3QD, United Kingdom. myfanwy.morgan@kcl.ac.uk

Social Science & Medicine (1982)
|August 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A UK pilot initiative using a Research Translator aimed to boost translational research. Findings show basic scientists

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Knowledge economy
  • Translational science

Background:

  • Universities are crucial in the knowledge economy, needing to commercialize research.
  • Biomedical field faces challenges translating scientific discoveries into products.
  • The 'bench to bedside' gap necessitates reengineering research enterprises.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine a UK Medical Research Council (MRC) pilot initiative employing a Research Translator.
  • To assess the promotion of translational research culture and practice at a university/hospital site.
  • To understand factors influencing scientists' adoption of market-oriented research models.

Main Methods:

  • Ethnographically informed case study conducted in 2008.
  • Utilized semi-structured and open exploratory interviews, observation, and document review.
  • Analysis informed by Bourdieu's logic of practice applied to science.

Main Results:

  • Translational research aligned with clinical science but diverged from basic scientists' perceptions of legitimate science.
  • Basic scientists perceived translational research as 'high risk' and resisted advice.
  • Scientist motivations varied by career stage, work environment, and specialty.

Conclusions:

  • Convergent and divergent forces influence scientists' adoption of translational research.
  • Knowledge broker effectiveness is constrained by scientists' readiness and existing structures.
  • Current policies foster diverse knowledge production, challenging linear models.