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Over-specified referring expressions impair comprehension: an ERP study.

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Adding unnecessary details to descriptions, like "red square" when only one square exists, slows down comprehension. This study shows extra information hinders understanding and processing, contrary to communication expectations.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Speakers often add extraneous information in referring expressions, violating the Maxim of Quantity.
  • Existing research on the impact of unnecessary information on comprehension yields conflicting results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how unnecessary information in referring expressions affects language comprehension.
  • To examine the cognitive processes involved in processing redundant modifiers.

Main Methods:

  • An attentional-cueing paradigm was employed to measure reaction times for object identification.
  • Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to analyze online processing.
  • Participants heard referring expressions with and without unnecessary modifiers.

Main Results:

  • Reaction times were significantly longer when referring expressions included unnecessary information.
  • Event-related potentials showed a centroparietal negativity (N400) around 200-300 ms post-modifier onset.
  • This N400 component suggests increased cognitive load and processing difficulty.

Conclusions:

  • Unnecessary pre-nominal modifiers in referring expressions impair comprehension performance.
  • The findings indicate that redundant information increases processing costs and slows down cognitive tasks.
  • This challenges the efficiency of communicative strategies that include superfluous details.