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Related Concept Videos

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins01:32

Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins

Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular cargos...
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and the...
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Use of Stopped-Flow Fluorescence and Labeled Nucleotides to Analyze the ATP Turnover Cycle of Kinesins
07:25

Use of Stopped-Flow Fluorescence and Labeled Nucleotides to Analyze the ATP Turnover Cycle of Kinesins

Published on: October 17, 2014

A universal pathway for kinesin stepping.

Bason E Clancy1, William M Behnke-Parks, Johan O L Andreasson

  • 1Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
|August 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Kinesin-1 motor protein

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Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells
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Assembling Molecular Shuttles Powered by Reversibly Attached Kinesins
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Use of Stopped-Flow Fluorescence and Labeled Nucleotides to Analyze the ATP Turnover Cycle of Kinesins
07:25

Use of Stopped-Flow Fluorescence and Labeled Nucleotides to Analyze the ATP Turnover Cycle of Kinesins

Published on: October 17, 2014

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells
10:46

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells

Published on: February 2, 2022

Assembling Molecular Shuttles Powered by Reversibly Attached Kinesins
08:04

Assembling Molecular Shuttles Powered by Reversibly Attached Kinesins

Published on: January 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Kinesin-1 is a vital ATP-driven motor protein responsible for intracellular cargo transport along microtubules.
  • Its function relies on a tightly regulated stepping cycle and efficient gating mechanisms to ensure directional movement.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending cellular transport dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of inter-head tension and neck-linker orientation in the gating mechanisms of Kinesin-1.
  • To explore the conformational states and stepping behaviors of Kinesin-1 under varying loads.
  • To develop a comprehensive model of Kinesin-1 motion incorporating forward and backward stepping pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Creation of two mutant Kinesin-1 constructs with extended neck-linkers.
  • Utilizing single-molecule optical trapping to measure motor protein properties.
  • Employing ensemble fluorescence techniques to analyze kinetic events.

Main Results:

  • Mutant constructs accessed a rare conformational state with both motor heads bound to the microtubule due to reduced inter-head tension.
  • Observed ATP-dependent, processive backstepping and futile hydrolysis under hindering loads.
  • Identified neck-linker orientation as a critical factor in Kinesin-1 gating, alongside inter-head tension.

Conclusions:

  • Kinesin-1's stepping cycle is regulated by both inter-head tension and neck-linker orientation.
  • A comprehensive model was formulated, explaining forward and backward stepping pathways.
  • The study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms governing motor protein function and regulation.