Congestive heart failure: a review of nonpharmacologic therapies

Although pharmacologic therapy is the mainstay of treatment for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), several nonpharmacologic interventions are useful adjuncts in the overall management of this clinical syndrome. Comprehensive treatment plans include sodium and fluid restriction, as well as a balance of rest and physical activity. Hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis may be effective in patients who have become resistant to diuretic therapy. Mechanical support from intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and ventricular assist devices has improved survival in certain high-risk patients. For patients refractory to conventional therapies, cardiac transplantation offers new hope. These interventions and the nursing care of patients with CHF are discussed in this article.