Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Live music enhances self-reported audience immersion and physiological synchrony compared to live-streaming.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Corrigendum to "Slower rates of prism adaptation but intact aftereffects in patients with early to mid-stage Parkinson's disease" [Neuropsychologia, 189, (2023) Epub 2023: 108681].

Neuropsychologia·2026

Same author

TraceLAB: A MATLAB Toolbox for Interindividual Synchrony Analysis of Facial Expression and Head Movement Data Acquired via Trace.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Aging and motor adaptation: Increased movement variability, slowing rates of adaptation, and smaller aftereffects.

Psychology and aging·2026

Same author

Visuomotor adaptation and savings to constant and varying visual feedback delays in a driving simulator.

Journal of vision·2026

Same author

Travelling through time and space in working memory.

Memory & cognition·2026

Same journal

Executive function and social behavior: Causal evidence from loading working memory and inhibitory control.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026

Same journal

Correction to "Your research is public engagement: A case for more intentional science communication in research with human subjects" by Vaughn (2026).

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026

Same journal

Correction to "Costs and benefits of acting extraverted: A randomized controlled trial" by Jacques-Hamilton et al. (2019).

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026

Same journal

Conveying (discrete) emotionality with novel words.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026

Same journal

Physical actions shape moral choices: Environment-directed movements reduce cheating in young children.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026

Same journal

From chunks to schemas: Learning in the Hebb repetition paradigm.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Published on: March 18, 2019

Context-gated statistical learning and its role in visual-saccadic decisions.

Casimir J H Ludwig¹, Simon Farrell, Lucy A Ellis

¹Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, England. c.ludwig@bristol.ac.uk

Journal of Experimental Psychology. General

|August 17, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Humans adapt to changing environments by learning statistics, even with simple cues. This study shows adaptation in visual-saccadic inhibition of return (IOR) is enhanced by contextual signals, suggesting flexible learning mechanisms.

More Related Videos

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

Published on: July 14, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Published on: March 18, 2019

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

Published on: July 14, 2016

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Human Behavior

Background:

Adaptive behavior is crucial for navigating dynamic environments.
Humans must learn and track environmental statistics for effective adaptation.
Visual-saccadic inhibition of return (IOR) provides a model for studying adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanisms of adaptation in a nonstationary environment using visual-saccadic inhibition of return (IOR).
To examine whether adaptation relies on local tracking or context-based statistical retrieval.
To determine the role of contextual cues in enhancing adaptation.

Main Methods:

Participants performed sequences of two saccadic eye movements.
The probability of returning to a previously fixated location (contingency) was varied.
Contextual cues (e.g., shape of movement cue) were present in some conditions.
An evidence accumulation framework was used to model the findings.

Main Results:

Adaptation of IOR occurred even without contextual signals.
Adaptation was significantly more pronounced when contextual cues were present.
Multiple associations between context and environmental statistics formed in parallel, even with intermixed contingencies.

Conclusions:

Adaptation in nonstationary environments involves both local tracking and context-based statistical learning.
Contextual cues play a significant role in enhancing adaptive behavior.
An evidence accumulation framework effectively models how prior beliefs are updated based on experience and context.