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Related Concept Videos

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the ATP-dependent...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
09:39

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

Small RNAs derived from longer non-coding RNAs.

Susanne Röther1, Gunter Meister

  • 1University of Regensburg, Biochemistry I, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany. susanne.roether@vkl.uni-regensburg.de

Biochimie
|August 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory small RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and others, are vital for gene silencing and biological processes. Recent discoveries reveal diverse small RNA origins and functions beyond initial understanding.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Posttranscriptional gene regulation by small RNAs is critical for development, apoptosis, and stem cell biology.
  • The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNAs (miRNAs) spurred significant research into small RNA functions.
  • Recent advances have uncovered a broader spectrum of regulatory small RNAs beyond miRNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on newly discovered regulatory small RNAs.
  • To highlight the diverse origins and functions of small RNAs in gene silencing.
  • To update the understanding of small RNA-guided gene silencing mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of sequencing data revealing small RNA origins.
  • Integration of findings on various small RNA classes.

Main Results:

  • Small RNAs originate from diverse RNA structures, including hairpin folds.
  • New classes of small RNAs, such as mirtrons and those processed from non-coding RNAs (tRNAs, snoRNAs), have been identified.
  • Endogenous short interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) play roles in transposon silencing.

Conclusions:

  • The landscape of small RNA-mediated gene regulation is more complex than previously thought.
  • Emerging small RNA classes contribute significantly to gene expression control across organisms.
  • Continued research is essential to fully elucidate the mechanisms and implications of diverse small RNA pathways.