Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Orthogonal Trajectories

Orthogonal Trajectories

Orthogonal trajectories describe the geometric relationship between two families of curves that intersect each other at right angles. One illustrative case involves a family of parabolas that open sideways along the x-axis. These curves share a common shape but differ by a scaling parameter, resulting in a set of curves that all pass through the origin and widen at different rates.Determining Orthogonal TrajectoriesTo identify the orthogonal trajectories for these parabolas, the first step...

Concepts and Prototypes

Concepts and Prototypes

The human nervous system handles vast amounts of information by translating sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes, creating thoughts expressed through language or stored as memories. The brain also synthesizes information from emotions and memories, which significantly influence thoughts and behaviors. This intricate process creates a comprehensive mental picture.
The brain organizes this information using concepts, which are mental categories grouping linguistic data,...

Visual Agnosia

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...

Encoding

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Comparing English-Speaking Third- Through Sixth-Grade Students' Performances on Spoken and Written Cloze Morphological Awareness Tasks.

Language, speech, and hearing services in schools·2026

Same author

The Relation of Linguistic Awareness Skills to Reading and Spelling for Autistic and Non-Autistic Elementary School-Age Children.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2024

Same author

Effects of Affix Type and Base Word Transparency on Students' Performance on Different Morphological Awareness Measures.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2022

Same author

Morphological Awareness Performance Profiles of First- Through Sixth-Grade Students.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2022

Same author

The Relation Between a Systematic Analysis of Spelling and Orthographic and Phonological Awareness Skills in First-Grade Children.

Language, speech, and hearing services in schools·2021

Same author

Morphological Awareness Skills of Second- and Third-Grade Students With and Without Speech Sound Disorders.

Language, speech, and hearing services in schools·2020

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

What is orthographic knowledge?

¹Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. kenn.apel@cci.fsu.edu

Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools

|August 17, 2011

Summary

Establishing consensus on orthographic knowledge (the link between spoken and written language) and its assessment is crucial. This will improve literacy instruction and evaluation for educators.

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Educational Psychology
Linguistics

Background:

Orthographic knowledge, the mental representation of spoken language in written form, lacks consistent terminology and measurement in research.
Varied terms and tasks for defining and assessing orthographic knowledge hinder clear understanding and application.
This inconsistency impacts the accurate evaluation of literacy skills.

Purpose of the Study:

To review inconsistencies in terminology and tasks related to orthographic knowledge.
To propose standardized terms and assessment methods for orthographic knowledge.
To discuss the development and role of orthographic knowledge in literacy.

Main Methods:

A review of existing literature on orthographic knowledge terminology and assessment.

More Related Videos

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Published on: June 29, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Published on: June 29, 2021

Discussion of orthographic knowledge development and its relationship to literacy.

Identification of obstacles and suggestions for future research.

Main Results:

Identified significant inconsistencies in how orthographic knowledge is defined and measured.
Highlighted the need for standardized terminology and assessment tools.
Discussed the importance of orthographic knowledge's independence from other literacy factors.

Conclusions:

Achieving consensus on the definition and measurement of orthographic knowledge is essential.
Standardized approaches will better equip practitioners for accurate assessment.
This will lead to more effective instructional practices in literacy development.