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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

Transmission Electron Microscopy

In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400 keV in...

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Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Convergent-beam electron diffraction.

Michiyoshi Tanaka1, Kenji Tsuda

  • 1Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.

Journal of Electron Microscopy
|August 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details the convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) technique for crystal symmetry and structure analysis. It covers applications from ordinary crystals to complex materials, including lattice strain and charge density determination.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) is a powerful microscopy technique.
  • Accurate crystal structure and symmetry determination are crucial in materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the CBED technique.
  • To illustrate its application in determining crystal symmetry, lattice defects, and strain.
  • To describe advanced methods for structure refinement and charge density analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established CBED methodologies for point and space group determination.
  • Explanation of symmetry determination for incommensurate crystals and quasicrystals.
  • Description of large-angle CBED for lattice defect and strain analysis.
  • Demonstration of nanometer-scale crystal structure refinement and charge density determination.

Main Results:

  • CBED enables precise symmetry determination for various crystal types, including complex ones.
  • Large-angle CBED is essential for detailed lattice defect and strain analysis.
  • The technique facilitates nanometer-scale crystal structure refinement and charge density mapping.

Conclusions:

  • CBED is a versatile and indispensable technique for advanced materials characterization.
  • Its applications span from fundamental crystallographic analysis to intricate defect and strain studies.
  • CBED offers pathways for precise structure refinement and electronic property determination.