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Related Experiment Videos

Chlorine dioxide and hemodialysis.

R P Smith1, C C Willhite

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756.

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP
|February 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Chlorination of drinking water creates carcinogenic byproducts. Chlorine dioxide is an alternative, but its byproducts, chlorite and chlorate, may pose risks, especially for dialysis patients. Current evidence suggests minimal risk in controlled settings.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Chlorination has been the standard for U.S. drinking water disinfection for 75 years.
  • Concerns exist regarding carcinogenic trihalomethanes (THMs) formation from chlorination.
  • Alternative disinfectants like chlorine dioxide are being considered, but raise toxicity concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the safety of chlorine dioxide as a drinking water disinfectant.
  • To assess the risks associated with chlorine dioxide byproducts (chlorite and chlorate).
  • To evaluate the specific risks for patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental studies on oxychlorines' toxicity in animals.
  • Analysis of human studies and real-world data from community water supplies.

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  • Examination of patient data and considerations for chronic hemodialysis.

    • Main Results:

    • Chlorination can produce potentially carcinogenic THMs.
    • Chlorine dioxide, while not forming THMs, produces chlorite and chlorate, with demonstrated animal toxicity.
    • Human studies and water supply data show no clear adverse health effects from chlorine dioxide byproducts.
    • Dialysis patients, a potentially at-risk group, show no adverse effects in limited human experience.

    Conclusions:

    • Chlorine dioxide is a potential alternative to chlorination, but its byproducts require careful monitoring.
    • Current evidence suggests limited adverse health effects in humans, even for dialysis patients in controlled environments.
    • Further research and vigilance are necessary, but controlled use may pose no greater risk than the general population.