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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model
11:31

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

Published on: August 16, 2019

2011 Update: antigen-specific therapy in type 1 diabetes.

Aaron W Michels1, Matthias von Herrath

  • 1Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA. Aaron.Michels@ucdenver.edu

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|August 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Antigen-specific therapies show promise for treating autoimmune diabetes by preserving insulin production and preventing disease progression. These interventions enhance regulatory T cells, offering a safe approach to maintaining beta cell function in new-onset type 1 diabetes.

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Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model
11:31

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

Published on: August 16, 2019

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays
08:32

Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays

Published on: September 10, 2012

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes is a growing public health concern, characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.
  • Early detection is possible through islet autoantibody measurement, highlighting the need for effective interventions.
  • Current treatments focus on insulin replacement, but halting the autoimmune process is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current clinical trials of antigen-specific therapies for autoimmune diabetes.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of these novel treatment strategies.
  • To explore future directions for inducing immune tolerance in type 1 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data on antigen-specific therapies.
  • Analysis of interventions using beta-cell antigens like insulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase.
  • Assessment of immune mechanisms, including regulatory and effector T cell modulation.

Main Results:

  • Antigen-specific therapies aim to preserve endogenous insulin production in new-onset diabetes and prevent disease onset.
  • The GAD-Alum vaccine is a well-studied therapy that enhances regulatory T cell function.
  • Insulin in various forms is being investigated for its potential to halt the autoimmune process and prevent diabetes.

Conclusions:

  • Antigen-specific immune therapies offer a safe treatment pathway for preserving beta cell function.
  • These therapies modulate immune responses, enhancing regulatory T cells and inhibiting effector T cells.
  • Future strategies will likely involve combination therapies to achieve sustained tolerance in type 1 diabetes.