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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Structure and Function of Leukocytes01:21

Structure and Function of Leukocytes

An adult in good health typically has between 4,500 and 11,000 leukocytes, or white blood cells, per microliter of blood, which constitutes about 1% of the total blood volume. Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells contain a nucleus and other cellular organelles but do not have hemoglobin. Most white blood cells reside in connective tissues, particularly in lymphatic organs such as the lymph nodes, with only a small fraction present in circulating blood.
White blood cells protect the body...
Structure of Cadherins01:25

Structure of Cadherins

The cadherins were one of the first cell adhesion molecules discovered; the term “cadherins”   is based on their calcium-dependent adhering properties. The first cadherins discovered on the epithelial, neuronal, and placental cells were named E-cadherin, P-cadherin, and N-cadherin, respectively. These classical cadherins share sequence and structural similarities. Other cadherins, including those involved in cell signaling, are grouped into non-classical cadherins. This diversity of cadherins...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
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A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Published on: March 22, 2012

Similar Structures but Different Roles - An Updated Perspective on TLR Structures.

Balachandran Manavalan1, Shaherin Basith, Sangdun Choi

  • 1Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Suwon, South Korea.

Frontiers in Physiology
|August 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen structures to initiate immune responses. Structural studies reveal how ligands bind TLRs, forming dimers essential for activating innate and adaptive immunity.

Keywords:
Toll-like receptorinnate immunityligandmyeloid differentiation factor 88

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Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Structural Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune system.
  • TLRs recognize conserved molecular patterns on pathogens, initiating immune responses and adaptive immunity.
  • Understanding TLR structure-function relationships is crucial for deciphering immune signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the reported extracellular domain (ECD) structures of Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
  • To emphasize the mechanisms of ligand recognition and activation by various TLRs.
  • To provide insights into the structural basis of TLR signaling initiation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published crystal structures of TLRs bound to their respective ligands.
  • Analysis of structural data focusing on ligand-receptor interactions.
  • Comparative analysis of TLR dimer formation and activation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Crystal structures of TLR complexes with ligands like LPS, dsRNA, and lipopeptides have been elucidated.
  • Agonistic ligands induce specific 'm'-shaped TLR dimer conformations.
  • Ligand binding drives the convergence of intracellular TIR domains, facilitating receptor dimerization.

Conclusions:

  • Structural insights into TLR-ligand interactions explain the initiation of TLR signaling pathways.
  • TLR dimerization, driven by ligand binding and specific conformational changes, is essential for downstream signaling.
  • This review consolidates structural knowledge of TLR ECDs, aiding in understanding immune activation.