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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

Correlation between progressive changes in piriform cortex and olfactory performance in early Parkinson's disease.

Xiaoli Wu1, Chunshui Yu, Fengmei Fan

  • 1Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

European Neurology
|August 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) is linked to brain atrophy. Specifically, changes in the parahippocampal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex correlate with olfactory deficits, suggesting potential for early PD diagnosis.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Published on: July 30, 2017

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

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Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
07:26

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Published on: September 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a common, early non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD).
  • The precise neural mechanisms linking olfactory impairment to brain structural changes in PD are not fully understood.
  • Investigating cortical volume changes associated with olfactory function can elucidate early PD pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between sequential cortical volume changes in olfactory areas and the degree of olfactory performance deficiency in Parkinson's disease.
  • To identify specific brain regions affected by atrophy in PD patients with varying degrees of olfactory impairment.

Main Methods:

  • Subjects were categorized into three groups: PD with olfactory impairment (OPD), PD without olfactory impairment (NPD), and healthy controls (NC) based on olfactory test scores.
  • Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis of MRI scans was employed to assess cortical volume differences.
  • Correlation analyses examined the association between brain atrophy and olfactory test results.

Main Results:

  • Both NPD and OPD groups showed olfactory performance deficits compared to NC, indicating subclinical olfactory impairment in NPD.
  • Cortical atrophy was observed in the parahippocampal gyrus (PCG) in both NPD and OPD groups.
  • Atrophy in the PCG and right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) correlated with decreased olfactory detection and identification sensitivity in PD patients.

Conclusions:

  • Atrophy in the piriform cortex and orbitofrontal cortex is associated with olfactory dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease.
  • The progression of olfactory damage correlates with significant atrophy in the orbitofrontal cortex.
  • Combining olfactory function assessment with brain volume measurements of olfactory-associated areas may serve as a sensitive biomarker for early PD diagnosis.