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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

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Insulin receptor structure and function in normal and pathological conditions.

A B Becker1, R A Roth

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305.

Annual Review of Medicine
|January 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The insulin receptor, a cell surface glycoprotein, initiates insulin responses. Defects in its structure or function cause insulin resistance, with recent cloning of mutant receptors advancing molecular understanding.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The insulin receptor is a cell surface glycoprotein crucial for insulin signaling.
  • It is composed of alpha and beta subunits and possesses intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity.
  • Insulin resistance is linked to defects in insulin receptor structure, function, or action.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance.
  • To understand the role of insulin receptor defects in genetic forms of extreme insulin resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Cloning of mutant insulin receptors from patients with genetic insulin resistance.

Main Results:

  • Identification of specific mutations in the insulin receptor gene associated with extreme insulin resistance.
  • Characterization of how these mutations affect receptor structure, function, and signal transduction.

Conclusions:

  • Defects in insulin receptor structure and function are key molecular drivers of insulin resistance.
  • Cloning mutant receptors provides critical insights into the molecular basis of this condition.