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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Dose Adjustments Based on Drug Clearance and Elimination Rate Constant01:25

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Dose Adjustments Based on Drug Clearance and Elimination Rate Constant

In patients with renal disease, dosage adjustments are necessary to maintain therapeutic plasma drug concentrations and prevent toxicity or subtherapeutic exposure. Renal impairment alters drug pharmacokinetics, especially in conditions like uremia, where changes such as prolonged elimination half-life and altered apparent volume of distribution can significantly affect drug disposition. These changes require careful modification of the dosing regimen to achieve the desired clinical...
Dosage Regimen: Fixed Dose01:01

Dosage Regimen: Fixed Dose

Fixed-dose regimens are a common approach to administer drugs to achieve and maintain desired levels of the drug in the body. In this dosing strategy, a specific amount of medication is given at regular intervals, often multiple times a day, to ensure a consistent drug concentration in the bloodstream.
Fixed-dose regimens can be used for various routes of administration, including intravenous (IV) injections and oral medications. For IV administration, a predetermined amount of the drug is...
Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods01:21

Dose Size and Dosing Frequency: Determination Methods

Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...
Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments01:11

Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

In patients with renal impairment, drugs undergo significant changes in their pharmacokinetics, which require dosage adjustments to ensure safe and effective therapy.
Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate are common outcomes of renal impairment. These alterations lead to a prolonged elimination half-life and an altered apparent volume of distribution for drugs. As a result, dosage adjustments are typically necessary to maintain optimal drug levels in the body.
However, dosage adjustments...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Rational Dosage Regimen: Maintenance Dose and Loading Dose01:24

Rational Dosage Regimen: Maintenance Dose and Loading Dose

A rational dosage regimen considers a drug's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from the body. By understanding these factors, the appropriate dosage can be determined, and the dosing schedule can be designed to achieve and maintain the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects.
In most cases, drugs are administered repetitively or infused continuously to maintain a steady-state concentration in the body. At a steady state,...

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Updated: May 30, 2026

Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy
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Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy

Published on: July 3, 2014

CT dose reduction in practice.

Michael J Callahan1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA. michael.callahan@childrens.harvard.edu

Pediatric Radiology
|August 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric radiologists should minimize radiation exposure by using non-ionizing imaging or optimizing CT scans. Reducing computed tomography (CT) use and radiation dose is crucial for patient safety.

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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

Published on: September 11, 2011

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Published on: July 3, 2014

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
08:30

X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging

Published on: September 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiation Safety

Background:

  • Computed tomography (CT) scans constitute over 10% of diagnostic imaging in developed nations.
  • Approximately 60 million CT studies are conducted annually in the U.S., with 7 million involving pediatric patients.
  • Pediatric radiation exposure from CT scans is a significant concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of reducing radiation exposure in pediatric patients undergoing CT examinations.
  • To advocate for the use of alternative, non-ionizing imaging modalities when appropriate.
  • To promote dose optimization for essential CT studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current practices in diagnostic imaging, focusing on CT utilization.
  • Application of the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle to pediatric imaging.
  • Discussion of strategies for dose reduction and modality selection.

Main Results:

  • CT examinations represent a substantial portion of diagnostic imaging, particularly in the pediatric population.
  • Significant potential exists to decrease radiation exposure through alternative imaging methods.
  • Dose optimization is achievable for indicated CT studies.

Conclusions:

  • Radiologists must prioritize minimizing radiation dose for all patients, especially children.
  • Exploring non-ionizing imaging alternatives can reduce overall radiation exposure.
  • Optimizing CT parameters ensures the lowest effective radiation dose while maintaining diagnostic accuracy.