[Structure and function of tonoplast Cation/H+ antiporters in plant: a review]

Yuxiu Zhang1, Xiaojing Peng, Tuanyao Chai

  • 1School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijng 100083, China.

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Tonicity in Plants

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Tonicity
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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Chloroplasts are triple membrane structures with an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thylakoid membrane, each containing distinct metabolite transporters, membrane translocons, and enzymes. Appropriate sorting and translocating these proteins to their correct membrane systems is essential for chloroplast function.
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