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Hexavalent chrome: threshold concept for carcinogenicity.

R E Jones1

  • 1Texas Instruments, Dallas 75265.

Biomedical and Environmental Sciences : BES
|March 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary
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Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) can cause lung tumors, but the body efficiently reduces it to less harmful trivalent chromium (Cr3+). This reduction acts as a protective threshold against Cr6+ carcinogenicity at typical exposure levels.

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Environmental Health
  • Carcinogenesis

Background:

  • Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) compounds are known lung carcinogens in humans and animals at high doses.
  • Trivalent chromium (Cr3+) is an essential nutrient, and the human body can reduce Cr6+ to Cr3+ through various biological fluids and cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the body's chromium reduction capabilities.
  • To outline the mechanism of Cr6+ induced cancer.
  • To evaluate the carcinogenic potential threshold of Cr6+.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing toxicological and biological data on chromium metabolism.
  • Formulation of a step-by-step mechanism for Cr6+ induced cancer.
  • Comparison of Cr6+ carcinogenic potential with the current Threshold Limit Value (TLV).

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Main Results:

  • The human body possesses significant capacity to reduce Cr6+ to Cr3+ in bodily fluids and cellular components.
  • Cr6+ must reach a dose sufficient to overwhelm the body's reduction capacity to interact with DNA and potentially cause cancer.
  • The carcinogenic mechanism involves Cr6+ interaction with cellular components, nuclear entry, reduction to Cr3+, DNA damage, and if unrepaired, cancer induction.

Conclusions:

  • Cr6+ carcinogenicity is dependent on its reduction to Cr3+, which limits its interaction with DNA at lower exposure levels.
  • A threshold for Cr6+ carcinogenic potential in humans exists and appears to be higher than the current TLV.
  • Understanding the body's defense mechanisms is crucial for accurate risk assessment of Cr6+ exposure.