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Related Concept Videos

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

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In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy
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Hip joint pain in spastic dislocation: aetiological aspects.

Adrian Masłoń1, Marek Jóźwiak, Maciej Pawlak

  • 1Clinic of Orthopaedics and Paediatric Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland. adian@gazeta.pl

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
|August 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) and dislocated hips experience pain due to increased nociceptors. This study found a direct correlation between nerve fiber density and pain intensity in these children.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Children with severe cerebral palsy (CP) often develop hip joint displacement, leading to significant pain in 40-84% of cases.
  • Understanding the biological basis of this pain is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between nociceptor density in the hip joint capsule and teres ligament and the presence of hip joint pain in children with spastic CP.
  • To identify potential biomarkers for hip pain in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 19 hip joint samples (articular capsule and teres ligament) from non-ambulatory children with spastic CP (GMFCS level V).
  • Assessment of pain using a numeric rating scale completed by caregivers.
  • Immunohistochemical comparison of S-100 and substance P positive nerve fibers between painful and painless hip joints.

Main Results:

  • Significantly higher levels of S-100 protein and substance P were observed in children with painful hip joints (p=0.024 and p=0.02, respectively).
  • Positive correlations were found between pain intensity and the density of S-100 and substance P positive nerve fibers in both the teres ligament and joint capsule.

Conclusions:

  • Increased nociceptor density, indicated by elevated S-100 and substance P, is associated with hip joint pain in children with spastic CP.
  • Inflammatory factors in dislocated hip joints contribute to hip joint sensitization and pain.