Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence01:20

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a variety of strategies to establish infections, including the secretion of extracellular enzymes that act as potent virulence factors. These enzymes facilitate bacterial colonization of host tissues and help evade immune surveillance. By targeting structural components of host tissues and interfering with immune mechanisms, these enzymes play a pivotal role in disease progression.Extracellular Enzymes Facilitating Tissue Invasion: Several bacterial pathogens secrete...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Big multiple sclerosis data network: novel modelling approaches for real-world data analysis.

Journal of neurology·2025
Same author

Balancing Efficiency and Accuracy in Hepatitis C Rapid Antibody Testing: Insights From a Cluster Randomised Crossover Trial.

Journal of viral hepatitis·2025
Same author

Comparison of an algorithm, and coding data, with traditional surveillance to identify surgical site infections in Australia: a retrospective multi-centred cohort study.

The Journal of hospital infection·2024
Same author

Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of natalizumab and fingolimod in rapidly evolving severe relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in the United Kingdom.

Journal of medical economics·2023
Same author

Validation of the Antifungal National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey (AF-NAPS) quality assessment tool.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy·2023
Same author

Correction: Burden of five healthcare associated infections in Australia.

Antimicrobial resistance and infection control·2022
Same journal

Impact of low-dose chest CT and multiplex PCR on antibiotic usage for community-acquired pneumonia: multicentre prospective controlled before-after study with cluster randomisation (CAP-NEXT study).

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
Same journal

Clinical Microbiology and Infection: how did we do in 2025?

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
Same journal

Automate the work, not the decision: aligning expectations for AI in clinical microbiology.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
Same journal

Doxycycline prophylaxis and gonococcal resistance: reassurance, residual signals, and the case for surveillance.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
Same journal

Oral metronidazole versus clindamycin to treat bacterial vaginosis in pregnancies at risk for preterm labor.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
Same journal

Efficacy and safety of a radiographic severity-stratified all-oral short treatment regimen for multidrug/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in China: An open-label, multi-center,randomized controlled, non-inferiority trial.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
08:58

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Published on: March 3, 2023

Differing risk factors for vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-sensitive enterococcal bacteraemia.

T Peel1, A C Cheng, T Spelman

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s Hospital, Victoria, Australia. t.peel@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|August 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigated risk factors for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus (VSE) bacteraemia. Findings suggest distinct sources and pathogenesis, emphasizing targeted infection control for VRE.

More Related Videos

Nanomechanics of Drug-target Interactions and Antibacterial Resistance Detection
11:56

Nanomechanics of Drug-target Interactions and Antibacterial Resistance Detection

Published on: October 25, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
08:58

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Published on: March 3, 2023

Nanomechanics of Drug-target Interactions and Antibacterial Resistance Detection
11:56

Nanomechanics of Drug-target Interactions and Antibacterial Resistance Detection

Published on: October 25, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Enterococcus species are a significant cause of bacteraemia.
  • Traditional epidemiological studies on enterococcal bacteraemia risk factors may be biased.
  • A case-case-control study design was employed to mitigate bias.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and compare risk factors for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus (VSE) bacteraemia.
  • To elucidate potential differences in the pathogenesis and sources of VRE versus VSE bacteraemia.
  • To inform infection control strategies for enterococcal bacteraemia.

Main Methods:

  • A 10-year case-case-control study (2000-2009) in a tertiary hospital.
  • Analysis of 440 episodes of enterococcal bacteraemia, including 80 VRE cases.
  • Two multivariable models comparing VRE and VSE against a common control group.

Main Results:

  • VRE bacteraemia associated with central venous catheters, neutropenia, and bone marrow transplantation.
  • VSE bacteraemia linked to age, metronidazole exposure, and gastrointestinal disease; meropenem use decreased VSE risk.
  • Hypoalbuminaemia was a risk factor for both VRE and VSE bacteraemia.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct risk factors for VRE and VSE suggest different pathogenic mechanisms.
  • Environmental sources appear more critical for VRE, while endogenous gastrointestinal sources are key for VSE.
  • Highlights the need for specific infection control measures to combat VRE bacteraemia.