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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
10:11

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

Published on: October 22, 2014

Retinal microvascular changes and subsequent vascular events after ischemic stroke.

D A De Silva1, J J F Manzano, E Y Liu

  • 1National Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. deidre.a.de.silva@sgh.com.sg

Neurology
|August 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Retinal microvascular changes like arteriovenous nicking and focal arteriolar narrowing predict recurrent vascular events after ischemic stroke. These findings highlight retinal imaging

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Published on: June 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Retinal microvasculature alterations are linked to vascular events in the general population.
  • The predictive value of these retinal changes for recurrent vascular events post-ischemic stroke remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between retinal microvascular signs and subsequent vascular events in acute ischemic stroke patients.
  • To determine if retinal microvascular changes predict recurrent cerebrovascular, coronary events, vascular death, or composite vascular events.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study of 652 acute ischemic stroke patients.
  • Retinal photographs analyzed for quantitative and qualitative microvascular changes (e.g., arteriovenous nicking, focal arteriolar narrowing).
  • Follow-up over 2-4 years using telephone interviews and medical records; Cox regression models used for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Severe arteriovenous nicking (AVN) was associated with a higher risk of recurrent cerebrovascular events (HR 2.28).
  • Severe focal arteriolar narrowing (FAN) predicted recurrent cerebrovascular events (HR 2.75) and composite vascular events (HR 2.77).
  • These associations remained significant after adjusting for traditional risk factors and stroke etiology.

Conclusions:

  • Retinal microvascular changes are independent predictors of subsequent vascular events following ischemic stroke.
  • Retinal imaging shows potential for risk stratification of recurrent vascular events post-stroke.
  • This approach may help identify novel vascular risk factors.