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Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis. Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Loss- and Gain-of-function Approach to Investigate Early Cell Fate Determinants in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

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Self-correction in tripronucleated human embryos.

Noelia Grau¹, Laura Escrich, Julio Martín

¹Universitary Institute Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad Valencia, Valencia, Spain.

Fertility and Sterility

|August 20, 2011

Summary

Tripronuclear (TPN) human embryos can self-correct, with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI-TPN) showing higher rates than in vitro fertilization (IVF-TPN). The origin of the extra pronucleus, not ploidy, influences self-correction ability.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

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Area of Science:

Human embryology
Reproductive genetics
Assisted reproductive technology

Background:

Tripronuclear (TPN) embryos, resulting from fertilization with three pronuclei, present developmental challenges.
Understanding ploidy and self-correction mechanisms in TPN embryos is crucial for improving in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the incidence of ploidy and parental self-correction in tripronuclear (TPN) human embryos.
To compare self-correction rates between TPN embryos derived from intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI-TPN) and conventional IVF (IVF-TPN).

Main Methods:

Experimental in vitro culture of 32 ICSI-TPN and 18 IVF-TPN embryos for 6 days.
Biopsy of embryos with ≥ 6 cells for ploidy analysis using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).
Parental inheritance analysis via PCR and sequencing to determine the origin of the extra pronucleus.

Main Results:

Half of ICSI-TPN embryos developed into self-corrected blastocysts.
Only one IVF-TPN embryo achieved self-correction to the blastocyst stage.
Ploidy and parental inheritance did not predict blastocyst development potential.

Conclusions:

Both ICSI-TPN and IVF-TPN embryos exhibit self-correction capabilities, though ICSI-TPN embryos demonstrate a significantly higher rate.
The parental origin of the extra pronucleus is a key determinant of a TPN embryo's capacity for self-correction.
Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying TPN embryo self-correction and its implications for reproductive success.