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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq
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Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq

Published on: February 26, 2015

Menin and JunD regulate gastrin gene expression through proximal DNA elements.

Edith J Mensah-Osman1, Natalia A Veniaminova, Juanita L Merchant

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-2200, USA.

American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
|August 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Menin protein suppresses gastrin gene expression by inhibiting JunD binding to the gastrin promoter. This finding is relevant for understanding neuroendocrine tumors associated with MEN1.

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In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq
10:23

Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq

Published on: February 26, 2015

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia I (MEN1) is linked to MEN1 gene mutations.
  • Gastrinomas, a type of neuroendocrine tumor, are the most malignant tumors associated with MEN1.
  • Menin and JunD proteins are known to interact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if JunD protein binds to and regulates the gastrin gene promoter.
  • To elucidate the role of menin in regulating gastrin gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Colocalization studies of menin and JunD in mouse antrum G cells.
  • Transfection assays in AGS human gastric cells to assess gastrin mRNA induction.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, EMSAs, and DNA affinity precipitation assays to identify protein-DNA interactions.
  • Treatment with trichostatin A to evaluate the role of histone deacetylases.

Main Results:

  • Menin and JunD proteins colocalize in gastrin-expressing cells.
  • JunD overexpression induced gastrin mRNA, an effect blocked by menin.
  • Menin repressed gastrin gene expression by targeting AP-1 and GC-rich elements.
  • JunD and Sp1 proteins bind to these elements and are regulated by menin.
  • Menin's repression of gastrin was reversed by trichostatin A, suggesting histone deacetylase involvement.

Conclusions:

  • JunD induces gastrin gene expression by binding to proximal DNA elements.
  • Menin suppresses JunD-mediated activation of the gastrin gene promoter.
  • These interactions are mediated by proximal DNA elements within the human gastrin gene promoter.