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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Yeast Signaling01:28

Yeast Signaling

Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...
Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes
05:22

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes

Published on: April 13, 2018

Aneuploidy drives genomic instability in yeast.

Jason M Sheltzer1, Heidi M Blank, Sarah J Pfau

  • 1David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Aneuploidy, or an abnormal chromosome number, can lead to genomic instability. This instability may promote cancer development by increasing genetic alterations in cells.

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08:46

Studying Age-dependent Genomic Instability using the S. cerevisiae Chronological Lifespan Model

Published on: September 29, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Aneuploidy reduces cellular fitness but is observed in cancer, a disease characterized by rapid cell proliferation.
  • The mechanisms linking aneuploidy to cancer's proliferative capacity are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how aneuploidy affects genomic stability.
  • To explore a potential mechanism by which aneuploidy contributes to tumorigenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 13 budding yeast strains with extra copies of single chromosomes.
  • Assessment of genomic instability, including chromosome loss, mitotic recombination, and DNA damage repair.
  • Examination of aneuploid fission yeast strains for defects in mitotic recombination.

Main Results:

  • All tested aneuploid budding yeast strains showed genomic instability.
  • Increased chromosome loss, mitotic recombination, and defective DNA damage repair were observed in most aneuploid strains.
  • Aneuploid fission yeast strains also displayed defects in mitotic recombination.

Conclusions:

  • Aneuploidy induces genomic instability in yeast models.
  • This induced genomic instability may accelerate the accumulation of genetic alterations crucial for malignant growth in cancer.